Cross Cultural Communication Essay

Contents1. Executive SummaryThis reveal will consist of the parts which atomic number 18Critically consider and assess the bewilder of residencys High linguistic background of give polish and be microd stage setting polish and introduce the main features of them. Explain both countries locomote into High setting kitchen-gardening and suffering mount ending. Analyse the AUDIs formalised website of business communion respectively in S step forwardh Korea and china which belongs to High consideration enculturation, in Sweden and Canada which is part of funky mount socialization and demonstrates the consummation of attach to. The tuition is provided in this level which came from academic journals, newspapers, textbooks and reliable websites. harmonise to the depth psychology of dormitorys model, this report considers that this model is attendful for the nonplus- heathenish dialogue of incompatible countries. And based on the model, it provides approximately faces much(prenominal)(prenominal) as conspiracy Korea and chinaw atomic number 18 ( blue mise en scene close) and Sweden and Canada ( unhopeful scope culture) to demonstrate the contrasting feel way in variant countries which piece of tail contri preciselye to the cultural converse of each country and make the features of model to a greater extent than clear(p)ly. Then, this report proposes the AUDI as the case to introduce the communication moods of company in senior luxuriously and pocket-size context culture and analyse minutely the accomplishments of its formal website in four countries which are South Korea, chinaware, Sweden and Canada. The masteryful evolution of AUDI in these four countries in addition certifies the authorisation and contribution of residence halls model.2. Introduction2.1 ObjectivesCritically evaluate and analyse the main characteristics of exalted context and broken in context culture model of Hall (1990). Propose four countries that devil lavishly-context culture countries (China and South Korea) and two low-context culture countries (Sweden and Canada) to analyse Halls higher(prenominal) and low context culture model (1990). Present the example of business communication closely Halls (1990) high context and low context culture model. And illustrate the different communication styles of AUDIs official websites respectively in high context culture country of South Korea and China and in low context culture country of Sweden and Canada. Make the conclusion accord to the above contents.2.2 High and low context model of culture of Hall (1990)The famous American anthropologist Hall, check to accuracy and clarity of masss teaching transmission and receiving in the butt against of communication, puts forward the analysis simulation of high and low context culture. Hall (1976) thinks that context is surrounded by the information of an event, and the events is to establish the con tents of communication, the combination between them reflects the characteristics of a culture. concord to the different combination of linguistic context and Content, the culture can be divided into high context culture and low context culture.3. chief(prenominal) FindingsWith the rapid development of economic globalization, the liaison between countries be tot much than and more closely. Beca make use of different countries devote different cultural context, the cross-cultural communication are emerging, which in any case corroborate some issues in the communication (Koeszegi, 2004). umpteen scholars have do some research and analysis on the different culture in the land, this part will introduce the Halls model of high and low cultural context detailedly and give some cases of different context culture as below. 3.1 Analyse the model of high and low cultural context of Hall3.1.1The Definition and Features of the High and Low cultural context model (Hall, 1990) Hall (19 76) thinks that the human communication, including actors line communication will be affected by the context. Hall (1976, pp.81-83) emphatically pointed out without context, symbols are incomplete, because it only contains a part of the information, context does non have the specific marrow, but the substance of communication much depends on the context, and meaning is inextricably linked to context. Hall (1976) divided the context into high context and low context. The type of context determines all aspects of the communicative activities, the use of language is no exception. It means that, in low context communication, commonwealth more and more depend on use language to achieve communicative purposes. While in high context communication, the role of language use may be much smaller, volume are relatively sore to the hints of subtle environment. Most Asian cultures such as Chinese culture, and culture of South Korea and Africa culture can be regarded as high context cult ure. And the United States, Canada, Sweden and most Nordic culture belongs to low context culture (Hall and Hall, 1990).In these two kinds of different cultures, the role of the transfer meaning on context and language which is not the same, therefore the position and status of communication is different. The features of high context culture are that in the process of communication, subsequently only a few information is encoded by clearly transmitting, stack attaches great importance to the context rather than the content, and pay more worry to the establishment of the social trust and highly evaluate the descent and friendship, which can sustain a long relationship (Moran, et al, 2007). Besides, communication is implicit, people is actually crude to these implicit information and early learns to accurately let off the implicit information. The two kinds of communication and information have certain advantages high context culture can better inherit the oriental function an d the humanistic spirit of the love with China as a representative. It is well-heeled to the harmony of society and the stability of management (Dozier, et al, 1998). Whilst low context culture through the system the rigidity feel achieve the standardization of the dictate and management better. The comparison of this two context cultures features is as follows in Table 1. Table 1 The comparison of the HC and LC elaborations features (Lustig and Koester, 1999)High Context CultureLow Context Culture connotative and Veiled Communication officeExplicit and Direct Communication WayCode InformationClear InformationSome Differences between internal and ExternalThe Flexible Relationship between Internal and External more(prenominal) Nonverbal CodeDetailed Verbal CodeHigh autogoLow CommitmentStrong Interpersonal RelationshipsEstranged Interpersonal Relationships little Demonstrative ResponseDemonstrative ResponseHighly Flexible of epochHighly Structured of TimeThe above analysis shows that the characteristic of HC and LC have large differences on culture and communication, Lustig and Koester (2001) points out HC culture mainly depends on the preset program of peoples thought to convey information, such as numerous unwritten traditions, unspoken values and society by and large accepted patterns of demeanor. And yet LC culture, it emphasizes the reason and logic, which is on the substructure of rationality to take off with the conclusion to use the logical method, transfer information clearly through language, and regard the implicit expression way as unclear idea or lack of politeness. In the actual endeavor and social management, the two cultures should be mutual penetration and fusion, and complement each other, which help the enterprise to create the harmonious and efficient management mechanism, and promote the harmonious development of society (Ahmed, et al., 2009).3. 2 The compared analysis between South Korea, China and Sweden, Canada come to into each categoryEach culture is forming in the long-term diachronic development process of accumulation. And every culture has its aver potential and unique, viz. the recessive culture, the recessive culture has the intangible influence to people, so to the success of cross-cultural communication has more threatening (Chua and Gudykunst, 1987). The distinction between high and low context culture of Hall that is the overall summary to the characteristics of different cultures, especially the features of recessive culture, and to explore their historical origin and understand their characteristics which is the infallible subject of cross-cultural communication. According to the research of Hall, South Korea and China belong to the high context culture, while Sweden and Canada are biased towards the low context culture.3.2.1 The High Context Culture of South KoreaSouth Korea belongs to high context culture country, because Kim, et al. (1998)suggest that South Korea is influ enced by traditional Chinese Confucianism, after many years of accumulation of culture, it has a similar background of China, and has formed a certain values, beliefs and code of conduct, and so forth, this is a long-term accumulation of life, which has relative stability. Therefore, in the process of communication of people in South Korea, a mint of information already contains the background information, and do not need to explicitly expressed, they can fully understand, this creates the more hidden interpersonal communication in South Korea. In South Korea, people especially pay attention to courtesy, and avoid calling name of each other leasely in the communication. In business communication, Avruch (2004) suggests that South Koreans prefer to use the un-opposite and indirect attitude, and language strategy, the true meaning of expression a great deal need to through reason out to understand, even if they do not agree with each others opinions, they will not say no and rarel y directly freeze off or refute, sometimes they will excessively use silence sort of of rejection. Language is polite and veiled, which avoid friction directly. Due to the high context culture, the oral expression of the wooden people will get more trust in South Korea.3.2.2 The High Context Culture of ChinaBecause of tradition and history, China has become a typical high context culture. People live in a fixed place for a long time, the pace of life is orderly. In the long term, social change over is slow and amplitude is small, peoples life experience and vane are very simple (Kim, et al., 1998).The Chinese language expression is wooly and significative, much information is in the cultural connotation, most of the information is not clearly expressed, which always use the indirect and roundabout expression, the meaning of the lyric poem usually exist in language, this communication way both appropriate wiggle room for each other, and in addition avoid loss of face. In add ition, the language need not be the main channels of information in the China, the gestures, space distance and even silence can as well convey ideas and communicate the feelings. Therefore, Chinese people are more sensitive to the things around and environment, do not through language can besides express their feelings. As Hall (1976) pointed out high context culture is more dependent on and familiar with nonverbal communication. In high context culture, through the surrounding environment, people can gain a lot of information, there is no need to reveal everything. In China, for example, such as the doom of I love you which show the word of deal, they seldom speak out directly, because this information has transmitted from the context.3.2.3 The Low Context Culture of SwedenWhile the culture of Sweden is the opposite, which is a part of low context culture. They do not like Chinese and Koreans in order to take into love the feelings of others, to express their ideas euphemisti cally. They will directly show their attitude (Niemeier et al, 1998). In Sweden, people are articulate and usually good at verbal expression that will more popular. In the process of business communication, the conflict does not mean that their dissatisfaction, which will reflects their own thoughts, they think when face the disagreement, clearly announce their ideas can be better for solving the problem. In addition, negotiations between companies in Sweden, they will straight into the theme, and complete the scheduled agenda quickly, which hope to cut off work and play fully, achieve the deal as soon as possible (Jarvenpaa, et al., 1999). And the Swede is a representative of the linear concept of time, who imitate the speed and efficiency, they asked to do anything in accordance with the schedule strictly, their work habits are that to elevator carry out the negotiations in order, and after make sure the concern issues clearly, then step by step to solve, the first terms does not completely solve they will not negotiate the minute. While in same meeting negotiates a few issues in China which is very normal, which reflect the differences between high context and low context culture.3.2.4 The Low Context Culture of CanadaCanada similarly belongs to low context culture, which emphasize straightforward, and come straight to the question when they are in process of communication, all the information need to be conveyed with the clear and easy spoken communication by language, and often have no hidden meaning between the lines of words, the Canadians willing to bluntly express their ensures (Hall and Hall, 1990). In the process of business communication, Canadians usually energetic and outgoing, who like the direct honest way of negotiations, the expression has obviously transactional and economic. In the process of negotiation, they sought to clarify their own point of view, who utilize the simple and clear language to express the idea, they think t hat argument is not only the rights of presenting the individualist opinion, but also can solve the problem, but this kind of radiation diagram for countries that have high context culture is hard to accept, which think Canadians are very aggressive. In the eyes of Canadians, they believe that silence is impolite behavior (Salleh, 2005). 3.3 The weaknesses of Halls high and low context model of culture (1990) However, though the model of Halls high context and low context culture has made great achievement on the analysis of national culture, and also provides reference for many scholars to help them to research the humans culture. It still has some weaknesses in this model. Hall only proposes that the concept and features of high and low context culture, which does not provide the integrated system and detailed data to demonstrate his argument, and he does not classify all the countries, hence ca utilise the fuzzy classification of some countries. Some scholars such as Hofstedes (2008) Individualism vs. Collectivism Dimension, Trompenaarss (1998) Seven Dimensions of Culture, GLOBE authors (House et al., 2004), etcetera which will have more evidences to argue the high and low context culture, which prove the disadvantages of Halls model. Kramsch (1993) proposes that high context culture often has too much emphasis on the human feelings, by normal of people instead of the legal system, which often lack of efficiency on operation. While low context culture emphasize on the rationality, and fall into the mechanical and rigid in the process of execution.3.4 The Cases of Business Communication on High Context Culture and Low Context Culture of HallAccording to the above analysis and critically evaluate of Halls high and low context model, this report will provide the example of business communication such as AUDIs official website in different countries which are South Korea and China (high context culture) and Sweden and Canada (low context culture) as below. AUDI is the world famous luxury car grunge, and is also one of the worlds most successful brands in Germany which sells all over the world. As following, this report will illustrate the different performance of AUDIs official website in different countries of high and low context culture.3.4.1 AUDI in ChinaWhen opening the official website of AUDI in China as show in Appendix of range 1, on the background of red jump into the view of consumers, because this is the Chinese Spring Festival recently, the red represents the good fortune and the stovepipe wishes, which brings the Chinese customers to the impact on the vision. The forms of ideate is rendered on dynamic and the second get word (see Appendix of Figure 2) reflects the activity of valentines day which is to profane a car to present the luxurious gift, the text on the prototype is that their holiday is a day, every day of your holiday is youth , the company uses the reserved words to express that AUDIs provide the act ivity of presenting the gifts when the customers buy the car, rather than directly express the activity content (AUDI, n.d.). Because Chinese people can find deeper meaning in the process of watching pictures, and it also embodies that the communication type of AUDI in high context culture of China. In addition, the AUDI in Chinas official website use more gorgeous and tinctful images, which also reflects the Chinese pay attention to the visual consumption and feeling in the process of cultural communication.3.4.2 AUDI in SwedenCompared with the business communication of AUDI in China, Sweden as the low context culture country, the official website of AUDI provides more compact car words and single color of picture (AUDI, n.d.), which do not like the picture in China website which has the red background, it mainly has the color of black and white(see the Figure 3 in Appendix). Each picture has the link to transfer another page which has long paragraph to introduce the car in det ail (see the Figure 4 in Appendix). This also reflects that the AUDI according to the low context culture of Sweden to implement the special business communication. It is different from South Korea and China, the home page of AUDI in Sweden utilize the simple words and single color pictures to present the clear information about the performance and type of car, which satisfy the requirement of low context culture in Sweden because in the business communication, Swedish prefers to choose the direct information of car to help them to find the new product.3.4.3 AUDI in South KoreaThe official website of AUDI in South Korea is similar with the design style of AUDI in China. Because South Korea also belongs to the high context culture, the style of website is simple and laconic, there are little words to decorate the pictures. When open the AUDIs official website in South Korea, it is the advertising video about The New Audi A3 Sedan, advertising is not directly express the cars perf ormance and technology, just using the vivid images and implicit text which is it changes everything to make the metaphor of the perfect performance of the car, and will let the customer to love it (AUDI, n.d.). Because South Koreans are also high context culture, Korean customers can easily understand the meaning of advertisement. Besides, while browsing the web, the customer will find that every picture below has the button which can be directly connected to Facebook, twitter and YouTube (see Figure 5 in Appendix). It is convenient for customers to search and share the evoke video content, it also can help company for indirect propaganda and addition the pleasure of Korean consumers (Wrtz, 2005). All design of website presents a wonderful and disruptive content, this is because the Korean tends to present their own information to the others in the process of communication, and they also hope that to grasp more information slowly through their own understanding, which reflects the features of high context culture.3.4.4 AUDI in CanadaWhen browsing the home page of AUDI in Canada, the design of web page is simple and clear. (see the Figure 6 in Appendix). Although there are four rolling images in automatic replacement, but the contents on the picture are also very compact (AUDI, n.d.). As well as to introduce the AUDIs new car which is The New AUDI A3 Sedan, on the South Korea website is an advertising film and implicative words to express, while in Canada website which is the publicity pictures of the car and write the sentence directly on the picture which is The all New 2015 A3 Sedan is glide path . (see the Figure 7 in Appendix). This is associated with the culture of Canada, because Canada is part of low context culture country, when they make business communication, Canadians prefer straightforward way to express their opinions, that is the reason why the website information of AUDI in Canada is only about the direct introduction. The color of t he website design is very single (AUDI, n.d.), but each propaganda of picture has a link to analyse the detail about the information of product, which to help customers to understand the performance of the car better. It conforms the simple and direct cultural factors of Canada.4. ConclusionsThis report is as the aim of cross-cultural communication to discuss the high context culture and low context culture model of Hall. Firstly, this report defines and explains the Halls high and low context culture and its features. Then, based on the traits of model, it gives some cases of countries such as South Korea and China which belongs to high context culture and Sweden and Canada which are the representative of low context culture and also introduce their communication way that prove the practicability of Halls model. Furthermore, although the model has more contribution to the research of cross-cultural communication, on the basis of the research of some scholars, some weaknesses of thi s model will be reported. In order to realize different business communication in different countries, this report provides the performances of AUDIs official website in South Korea, China, Sweden and Canada, which respectively belongs to high context culture and low context culture. In AUDIs official website, it clearly shows that in South Korea and China, the website reflects the high context culture which utilizes more the rolling pictures and the simple words to show the significant activities of company which can reflect the AUDIs excellent services. While in Sweden and Canada, the communication style of AUDIs official website is simple and brief, and directly put the performance of cars on the pictures, which embody the business communication of AUDI in low context culture country. The success of AUDI incarnates the availability of Halls model.5. ReferencesAhmed, T., et al. (2009) Website design guidelines High power distance and high-context culture. internationalistic Journal of Cyber Society and Education, 2(1), 47-60. AUDI. (n.d) AUDI in China. WWW acquirable from http//www.audi.cn/cn/brand/zh.html . Accessed 15/02/2014. AUDI. (n.d) AUDI in Canada. WWW Available from http//www.audi.ca/ca/brand/en.html . Accessed 15/02/2014. AUDI. (n.d) AUDI in South Korea. WWW Available from http//www.audi.co.kr/kr/brand/kn.html . Accessed 15/02/2014. AUDI. (n.d) AUDI in Sweden WWW Available from http//www.audi.se/se/brand/sv.html . Accessed 15/02/2014. Avruch, K. (2004). Culture as context, culture as communication Considerations for humanitarian negotiators. Harv. Negot. L. Rev., 9, 391. Chua, E. G. and Gudykunst, W. B. (1987) Conflict resolution styles in low-and high-context cultures. Communication query Reports, 4(1). Dozier, J. B., et al. (1998) Need for approval in low-context and high-context cultures A communications approach to cross-cultural ethics. Teaching Business Ethics, 2(2), 111-125. Hall, E. (1976) Beyond culture. New York Doubleday. 1976. p .101. Hall, E., & Hall, M. (1990) Understanding cultural differences Germans, French and Americans. Yarmouth Intercultural Press. Hofstede, G. (2008) Cultures Consequences Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. 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