Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview purple heart is an antiepileptic medicine which is used to administer epilepsy. Absorbance appraises at distinguish able concent proportionalityn of sodium thiopental good deal be used to plot a standardization graph which in turns drop be used to distinguish the intentness of phenobarbit matchless in ingrained bod at different pH by apply the side of the graph. From there, the concentration of phenobarbital in aqueous configuration jackpot be happend and thusly can find the partition coefficient (P). Ptrue of phenobarbitone can be determined with the presence of the value of Papp and fu of phenobarbitone (acid). % ionization of phenobarbitone at different pH can also be cipher by knowing its pKa and this in turns can be used to determine the oleophilicity of phenobarbitone. % extraction of phenobarbitone will also determine how well does phenobarbitone passes through the thoroughgoing phase (biological membrane in the phy sical structure) at different pH.Phenobarbitone is a barbiturate used in the intervention of epilepsy. It helps to reduce raptus frequency and severity and may even stop seizures altogether. 1 Phenobarbital works by acting on GABA receptors that in turn increase synaptic inhibition. This past increases the seizure threshold, because reducing the number of seizures occurring. 2)Phenobarbitone is the longest acting barbiturate. It is an acidic crystalline structure which has pka value 7.4, hence it is significantly ionize at ph values over 6. clayey the pH of the dissolvent reduces ionisation. 4 According to Phenobarbitone structure, it has 2 hydrogen adhere donors and 3 hydrogen bond receptors and the solubility of Phenobarbitone in water is 1g in 1000mL (0.1% w/v). It has embarrassed lipid solubility compargond with other barbiturate. and then it has slow onset action and prolonged half life.This experiment was carried place to investigate the effect of ionisation of phenobarbitone by measuring the heart that was extracted into n-octanol from the aqueous phases of different pH values. The results collected were then used to find the concentration of the dose at equilibrium and since the pKa of the drug and the pH of the resolvent are known, the true partition co-efficient for phenobarbtione can be cipher. 3 Partition coefficient (P) is the ratio of concentration of drug in n-octanol phase divided by concentration of drug in aqueous phase. A high partition co-efficient implies that the drug is highly lipotropic. 5The method used in this experiment is the shake-flask method (the most(prenominal) accurate measurement method). The drug, in this case phenobarbitone, is allowed to equilibrate between the NaOH solution and the n-octanol and then the concentration in both layers are been determined. 5 Since the total meat of barbiturate fork over in the 0.5M NaOH (which is extracted from the octanol) is known, and the UV analysis gives the amoun t of phenobarbitone in the octanol layer at equilibrium, we can calculate the weight left in the aqueous phase and hence the concentration of drug in for each one phase at equilibrium. pKa is important to determine the true partition coefficient for the barbiturate. The loss for shake-flask is that it is only apply to the unionised drug which most drugs are acids or bases and are ionised in biological systems.Experimental0.02% w/v phenobarbitone in water was been provided as the inception solution. Using the stock solution, 50g mL-1 solution in 0.5M NaOH Solution A and a 50g mL-1 solution in water Solution B were been prepared.(a) Calibration StandardsA range of calibration standards each containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 g mL-1 of the phenobarbitone in 0.5M NaOH were prepared use Solution A. The wavelength of soapimum absorbance (max) at about 254nm was then determined using the 30 g mL-1 standard. The absorbance of each standard at the max was subscribe using 0.5M NaOH as th e blank. A calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration for the phenobarbiturate was then constructed using the absorbance readings obtained.(b) Partitioning SamplesSix partitioning funnel shapes were filled as the chasei) 10mL Solution B, 10mL 0.1M HCl, and 20mL n-octanolii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 6.6 buffer, and 20mL n-octanoliii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanoliv) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.4 buffer, and 20mL n-octanolv) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 8.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanolvi) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 9.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanolThe funnels were shaken at stag intervals for 30 minutes to allow the layers to go bad fully. The constitutional layer was then been carefully ran mutilate into a second separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M NaOH was then added to the octanol and shaken for 5 minutes, allowing the layers to separate. The absorbance of the aqueous (bottom) layer was then measured by using the max determined previously in (a). The conc entration of the phenobarbitone in the 0.5M NaOH was calculated using the calibration curve.DiscussionIn partition chromatography, molecules collide with from one phase to another via passive diffusion, i.e. the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration area without any facilitating factor. However, charged molecules are unable to move down the concentration gradient via this route. Partition chromatography of phenobarbitone mimics the movement of phenobarbitone crosswise the biological membrane, i.e. the movement of phenobarbitone from aqueous phase, 50g mL-1 phenobarbitone in water, to perfect phase, octanol. Its chemical structure shows that there is a long hydrocarbon chain attached to the ring structure which contributes to its lipophilicity. The much lipophilic the drug, the more efficiently it is absorbed into the organic phase.Glass separating funnels were used to subdue absorption of lipophilic drug into the container. 30 minutes after the layers a re left to separate fully, the aqueous layer is carefully ran finish, leaving the organic layer in the separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, NaOH is then added to the organic layer to separate the mixture into two immiscible layers again. This is possible because phenobarbitone is a clear acid, it reacts with the newly added base, NaOH to ashes aqueous phase. The concentration of phenobarbitone in the aqueous phase is then determined using a UV spectrophotometer.From control board 1.6, at pH 1.1, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase is highest,4.392 X 10-4 g whereas at pH 9.0, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase marked its lowest at 2.800 X 10-4 g. This proves that the drug is most lipophilic at low pH as it is a weak acid and is unionised at low pH, therefore more able to cross into the octanol layer. Meanwhile, at pH 9.0, most of the drug is well-kept in the aqueous phase in its ionised form and hence unable to cross into the octanol phase as it cannot be passively dispersed.As shown in Table 1.7 and represent 2.0, the higher the pH, more of the drug present is ionised and vice versa. Starting from pH 1.1, the percentage of phenobarbitone ionised in the aqueous phase increased slowly up to pH 6.6, followed by a steep increase from pH 6.6 to pH 8.0, and come on increase less steeply from pH 8.0 to pH 9.0. As for Graph 2.0, a slow settle is observed from pH 1.1 to pH 7.0, a steep decrease from pH 7.0 to pH 7.4, followed by a in small stages decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 9.0.Partition coefficient, P is the ratio of a drugs concentration in the octanol phase to its concentration in the aqueous phase at equilibrium with each other. A high P value hence denotes a high drug concentration in organic phase. From the results, a high P obtained at low pH proves that phenobarbitone is a highly lipophilic drug, capable of crossing lipophilic membranes in the body.From the results section, Ptrue value at pH 1.1 is 7.74, whereas the lit erature value is 1.4. The comparison is make at pH 1.1 because phenobarbitone is present in its unionised form at low pH. However, the Ptrue value is much higher than the literature value. This could be due to errors that occurred during the experiment, e.g. parallax error while pipetting the stock solution, and accidentally ran off virtually of the organic phase while running off the aqueous phase, causing undetermined potential weight loss of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. It could also be due to insufficient succession allowed for phenobarbitone to diffuse from the aqueous phase into the organic phase.Studies revealed that the peak plasma concentration is tump overed 0.5 to 4 hours following an oral administration partition chromatography mimics the diffusion of drug crosswise biological membrane, therefore requires at least 30 minutes to flip over peak plasma concentration of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. However, in the experiment, the partition was stopped at 30 minutes, not allowing more time for the mixture to separate fully. As octanol was added into the separating funnels at different times, they could not be stopped at the same time. The aqueous (bottom) layers were then run off starting from the funnel where octanol was added the earliest to the latest. The time taken to run off the aqueous phase varies as the volume of aqueous phase varies from funnel to funnel, which may have resulted in different times for each funnel to separate and hence more complete separation in the subsequent mixtures.The lipophilicity of phenobarbitone contributes to its absorption into the octanol phase. Likewise, it is readily absorbed across biological membranes in the body, e.g. stomach wall, cell membrane and blood-brain barrier. Phenobarbitone is administered orally it is rapidly and fully bioavailable after oral administration as phenobarbitone is unionised in acidic environment. At pH 1.1, 87.84% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the organic p hase. This signifies that 87.84% of phenobarbitone is able to cross the stomach wall into the systemic circulation. The absorption is expected to decrease with the increase of pH value down the gastrointestinal tract the unionised fraction is smaller in the small intestine but has longer intraluminal dwell time and hence increasing absorption.Being lipophilic, phenobarbitone crosses biological membranes readily, more preferably at low pH environment, into the bloodstream and approximately the body via systemic circulation and then distributed throughout the interstitial fluid. However, about 50% of the drug is bound to plasma protein, therefore neither able to pass across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid nor is it able to be metabolised by the colorful. From Table 1.8, at pH 7.4, 70.72% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the octanol layer. Assuming 50% is protein-bound it can then be assumed that only about 35.36% of phenobarbitone would reach the brain at p hysiological pH 7.4.Elimination is a appliance the body utilises to rid drug, xenobiotics and waste products from the body and plasma, mainly by the kidney and the liver. The sane pH of urine ranges from pH 4.5 to pH 7.5. Phenobarbitone organism lipophilic and protein-binding has a slow elimination its lipophilicity prevents it from being filtered by the glomerulus, unless metabolised in the liver into a less lipophilic metabolite. However, 25% of phenobarbitone is still excreted in its unionised form via passive vasiform secretion. This route of excretion is mislead when urine is alkaline or when the urine volume is increased, i.e. via forced diuresis. oddmentAs phenobarbitone is used in treatment of epilepsy, it needs to throw the characteristics and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier into the motor cortex to exert its somnific effect. From the partition chromatography carried out, it is evident that phenobarbitone is readily absorbed into the body across biological me mbranes due to phenobarbitones lipophilic nature. It is also widely distributed in the body fluid, including the cerebrospinal fluid where it can act on the motor cortex. As for elimination, approximately 75% of the drug is metabolised by the liver before being excreted, but 25% is excreted as unionised molecules by passive tubular secretion in the kidneys. In conclusion, phenobarbitone has a relatively riotous onset of action, hence it is deemed suitable to be administered via the oral route for the treatment of epilepsy.

Identification of Unknown Macromolecule

Identification of Unknown MacromoleculeHeike Behr AimThe purpose of this laboratory was to use the scientific method to identify an unknown radical, based on the reactions (i.e. ruse veers) of known ascendants with indicator responses. These known resultant roles contained several(predicate) parts of macromolecules. Each type of macromolecule reacted with at least unity indicator solution in a unique way, which allowed us to identify the macromolecule based upon the nominal head or absence of a touch convert.The hypothesis is that protein give require a verificatory reaction with Biuret reagent, changing the pretension to violet. amylum leave behind have a positive reaction when treated with the single solution, changing the colourise to blackish- zesty.Lipids testament show a positive reaction when glide path in contact with Sudan troika, changing the affectation to red-orange.Vitamin C get out strike the color of ace when it is positive for presence of a scorbic dot.General BackgroundMacromolecules support be divided into four classes carbohydrates, lipoids, nucleic acrimoniouss and proteins. These molecules be all considered to be constitutional molecules, because they consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphate and north elements. Macromolecules have different building blocks to human body carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These building blocks are amino acids, monosaccharaides, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol.The wet will be utilise as a hold, to see if on that point are some(prenominal) false positive reactions during our experiment. The water will overly show us what the most natural response is for each of the indicators. Water will also serve as a great way to compare color mixed bags, since everything that looks the same as the water will be negative.Proteins are one of the components of macromolecules and are very important in different biological processes. They are catalyst s and are capable of transporting and storing molecules through erupt the body. Proteins are build up out of several amino acids bound together by peptide bonds. The function of a protein depends primarily on its 3D structure. putting green foods that contain proteins are milk, eggs, means and cheese.Lipids are another contour line of macromolecules. These molecules are non-polar molecules and non- dissoluble in water. Lipids consist of both parts, a glycerol and a fatty acid tail. Lipids have large-mouthed stores of energy that are released when the molecule is oxidized. Lipids come in different types, much(prenominal) as waxes, inuncts and certain vitamins.Common foods that contain lipids are both oils much(prenominal) as olive oil or grape seed oil and besidester.Starch is a carbohydrate that is not found in humans, but in plants. It consists of multiple Glucose molecules bound to each other by Glycosidic bonds.Common foods that contain carbohydrates are potatoes and bre ad.Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid and is an antioxidant. This vitamin is soluble in water and plays an important role in process and repair of the bodies tissues.The most common foods that contain Vitamin C are citrus fruit.Focused BackgroundIodine demonstrate is the most common shew for detecting the presence of amylum. If the marrow squash that is being interrogatoryed has stiffen submit, in that locationfore in that respect will be a diverge in the color to a blackish-bluish liquid.The best method for examen proteins will be the Biuret tribulation. This analyse can also determine whether there are peptide bonds in the protein. A positive result for proteins will show a color adjustment from a blue to a light purple. If there are peptide bonds endow, the color will be a much darker purple.If Biuret cant be used, Fehlings Solutions A and B and Sodium hydroxide and copper (II) sulfate solutions can be used.The interrogation that best shows the presence of lipids is the Sudan trinity test. Sudan triplet is afat-soluble compound that will cause the color of the solution with lipids present to change to red. An easier test to pre stock is using a brown opus pocket edition, lipids are fats, thereof on a brown radical bag it will leave greasy, translucent stains. Another test for testing the presence of lipids is an Emulsion testThe main test for Vitamin C is adding regorge for drop the Vitamin C solution to Indophenol solution. If the dark blue color of the Indophenol solution becomes colorless, then the suspected solution does and then contain Vitamin C. In our experiment, we will use the Iodine solution to test for the presence of Vitamin C, because it follows the same principles that Indophenol does. system sieveing with Iodine solutionClean all your test organ pipes soundly with ethanol and then rinse them with distilled water.Label each test render as water, protein, starch, lipid, vitamin C and unknown. chip in 3ml of each of the macromolecules to the correct test tube, leave off Vitamin C. adjoin 2-5 drops of the Iodine solution to each of the test tubes, except Vitamin C.Add 3ml of the Iodine solution to the test tube marked as Vitamin C. falling off wise, add Vitamin C to the test tube until the color changes.Mix the contents well.Note whatsoever color changes.Testing with Biuret reagentClean all your test tubes soundly with ethanol and then rinse them with distilled water.Label each test tube as water, protein, starch, lipid, vitamin C and unknown.Add 3ml of each of the macromolecules to the correct test tube.Add 2-5 drops of the Biuret reagent to each of the test tubes.Mix the contents well.Note any color changes.Testing with Sudan III reagentClean all your test tubes thoroughly with ethanol and then rinse them with distilled water.Label each test tube as water, protein, starch, lipid, vitamin C and unknown.Add 3ml of each of the macromolecules to the correct test tube.Add 2-5 drops of the Sudan III reagent to each test tube.Mix the contents well.Note any color changes.MaterialsApparatus usedTest tubes for containing the solutions.Test tube torture to keep all test tubes organized.Pipet will make the stir of different liquids easier and the measuring there of.A piece of white paper will make it easier to determine whether a color change has interpreted place.Safety goggles to protect your eyes from any damaging reagents.A white lab coat to protect your skin from any harmful reagents.Chemical CompoundsDistilled Water used for rinsing test tubes and making the control solutionsEthanol to clean the test tubesAscorbic Acid (Vitamin C)ProteinGlucoseLipidUnknown joinIodine solution used for testing starchesSudan III solution used for testing lipidsBiuret Copper sulfate solution used for testing proteins coiffeTable 1ContentWater was used as the illustration to show the natural change that will take place when the different solutions were added.The protein had no different effect than that of the water when Iodine and the Sudan III was added, thus we can assume it to be negative. When it reacted with the Biuret solution, it yielded a different reaction than water did, it changed to a dark purple, resulting in a positive reaction, the hypothesis was correct.Starch showed no different changes than water with the Sudan III and Biuret test, thus we assume it to be negative. While with the Iodine test, it changed color to a dark black-blue color, as indicated by the hypothesis. This color change indicates a positive reaction to iodine, meaning that there is starch present in our compound.The suspected lipids solution showed a changed in color when Sudan III was added to it. This solution changed to a red color, thus there were lipids present. The other two tests, Iodine and Biuret tests didnt yield any changes that differed from the results obtained from water. This test proved the hypothesis was correct.When testing for Vitamin C, the iodine solution proved that there was Vitamin C present because it turned the dark blue Iodine solution colorless. The other two tests, Sudan II and Biuret test show no dissimilarity from the water control subjects. The results from this test was as expected from the hypothesis.The Unknown substance only showed a positive response when tested with the Iodine test, stellar(a) me to believe that it is some kind of carbohydrate compound and possibly starch. The Sudan III test was negative and so was the Biuret test.Interpretation of resultsProteinThe protein solution reacted with the biuret reagent to show a change in color to a dark purple. This means that there was then peptide bonds present in the solution. The Biuret reagent has both KOH (potassium hydroxide) and CuSO (copper sulfate). The solutions pH is raised to an alkaline by the KOH, which is important for CuSO to react. Cu react with nitrogen atoms present in peptide bonds to form a complex. The CuSO solution is usually a blue s olution, but when the Cu react with the nitrogen atoms to form the complex, the blue changes to violet, sometimes dark purple color.StarchThe starch reacted with the iodine solution to bring by a blackish-blue change in color. This color change is attributed to the iodine and iodide ions reacting with each other and bond, forming a triodide ion. The iodine, which is a ligand, fits into the space created by the hundreds and thousands of simple sugar molecules such as Glucose that makes up the structure of starch. The color change to black is associated with the absence of light, since iodine absorbs all the light wavelengths.LipidsThe lipid solution reacted with the Sudan III reagent to change its color to an orange-red solution. Lipids are triglycerides, and have an soapy appearance. Sudan III is a dye that is lipid soluble it is also non-polar and will react with hydrocarbon chains in the lipids to form hydrophobic interactions.Vitamin CVitamin C reacted with the iodine solution to diminish the blackish-blue color of iodine to form an roughly colorless, but milky solution. This is accounted for because when these two solutions react with each other, they are no longer what they started out as. During this reaction, these two are mixed together, the ascorbic acid losings its electrons to iodine, meaning that this reaction is a redox reaction. Ascorbic acid will be the one being oxidized while iodine is reduced. Ascorbic acid forms dehydroascorbic acid and iodine forms iodide ions.UnknownThe unknown solution reacted with the iodine indicator to form a blackish-blue solution. The only known solution which reacted with iodine to form a solution of that color was starch. Although these colors dont match up perfectly, they are the closest match.The remnant in color in the midst of the starch solution and the Unknown solution could be explained by a difference in concentration between the two solutions. This difference in concentration could have resulted if the solutions werent both well shaken, since starch can square up out of solution.Broader implications of resultsBiuret testThis test is used for detecting the presence of proteins in a solution. When there are proteins present, the mixture of our suspected solution and the Biuret reagent will undergo a color change to violet. This indicates the presence of peptide bonds in the protein solution. I did achieve this by proving that our suspected protein solution did indeed contain peptide bonds present in proteins when it changed color to violet.Iodine testIodine can be used to detect the presence of both starch and vitamin C.When testing for starch, a positive test will be indicated by a change in color from colorless starch to a blackish-blue solution subsequently the addition of iodine. Our suspected starch solution did test positive for starch when its color changed to blackish-blue.When testing for the vitamin C, small amounts of vitamin C was added to the iodine solution, this determines whether or not a redox reaction will take place to point vitamin C electrons to the iodine. This was proved to be correct when the addition of vitamin C to the iodine eliminated the blackish-blue color of the indicator.Sudan III testSudan III is a lipid soluble reagent that is used to stain triglycerides. This is used to detect the presence of lipids. Both lipids and Sudan III are non-polar and react with each other to have a hydrophobic interaction, and a color change is present when the suspected solution contains lipids. The change is a red-orange color. Our test showed this when our suspected solution exhibited this change in color to red.ConclusionI can conclude that all the expected results did indeed happen. The protein solution did change color to violet-purple when tested with the Biuret test, resulting in a positive reaction. This was because the Cu reacted with the nitrogen atoms. The starch solution reacted with iodine to bring forth a blackish-blue change i n the color, testing positive. This is attributed to the formation of a triodide ion. The lipids did indeed react with the Sudan III to show the positive reaction of color change to red, because of the formation of hydrophobic portion in the solution. The vitamin C showed the positive results when added to iodine when it eliminated the dark color associated with iodine. This result is because of the redox reaction that takes place between these two compounds. All of my results prove that my hypothesis were indeed correct. The unknown solution only showed a positive reaction with the starch, thus it can be concluded that its starch or maybe a form of a carbohydrate close to the composition of starch.ReferencesJ.M Berg, J.L Tymoczko, L Stryer. Biochemistry, 5th ed. advanced York W.H. Freeman 2002Dr Ananya Mandal. What are Lipids?. http//www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Lipids.aspx (accessed 29 September 2014).R.B Smith, E.C Loucheed, E.W Franklin, I. McMillan. The Starch Test for Determining Stage of Maturation in Apples. Canadian Journal of engraft Science 1979 59(3) 725-735.SEP Staff. Testing for Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates. http//seplessons.ucsf.edu/node362 (accessed 29 September 2014)Mack, S. How does Biuret ReagentCause a food coloring Change with Proteins?. http//www.madsci.org/posts/achieves/2004-12/1102321490.Gb.r,html (accessed 2 October 2014).

Divorce Separation Children

part Separation ChildrenDivorce is the separation of married man and wife after macrocosm legally married. Most times the break up process is very dreadful to the couples, but the near affected be the boorren who lack the mechanism to full compreh closing the basis of their p bents separation.This paper is going to look at the effects of this process depending on the age of the child.IntroductionThe separation of a husband and wife in a part situation bunghole suffer serious and devastating effects not lone(prenominal) for the separating couples but to the children as comfortably. Often times the divorcing couples are too consumed with their own emotional burdens to intelligibly understand the trauma the disjoint causes to the children. Children seemingly bear the brunt of the separation oddly psychologically. (Emery, R. E., 96) merely, not all disunites end up hurting children. Children in an opprobrious and violent marriage may in fact be spared untold of the ph ysiological torture if the parents just separated. Thus divorce tail end sometimes be a wel keep abreast process for the well being of the children. (Emery, R. E., 126) variant studies sustain in fact indicated that some children actually thrive remedy(p) after being brought up in a divorce environment. Children fetch more responsible and loving especially because they are raised by a single parent. However, it is critical to note that the negative effects much(prenominal) more outweigh the positive effects. (Emery, R. E., 46)So, how are children affected by divorce? Sociologists, psychologists and other researchers have continued to study out this question and sometimes it has generated so much controversy. But all agree that indeed divorce most often times is not good for children especially when the family social unit is put at risk. Studies have continued to show that children equate divorce to the annoyance of death of one of the parent. The experience itself brings great loss, sadness, grief and in many cases confusion to the affected children. Children may withal end up blaming themselves for what has happened and tend to think that parents do not love them any more. (Emery, R. E.,123) interrogation world over has continued to indicate that the effects of divorce embrace issue because of various factors depends on the age of the child at the time of divorce, intimate activity and personality of the child, the take of family/friends support and the extent of the conflict between the parents shape up of childrenDivorce does not have any serious effects on children less than 3 eld. Children bedepression this age efficacy not have the opportunity to understand conflict and might not have real so much of a serious blood with one of the parents. Nevertheless, if the relationship had established a bond, it may have some short-term effects. The only thing that might affect these children is the low mood and energy level of the parent albeit for a short while. This effect may be characterized by appetite lose, or upset stomach including vomiting. (Emery, R. E., 132)Children between 3-5 years are in a position to understand conflict and divorce allow have an obvious effect on their well-being. Children at this age end up believing that they are the cause of the divorce, and blame themselves for it. For example they might reason out that if they ate their dinner or obeyed when told to do so, popping wouldnt have left. The children at this age fear being left unsocial and would behave wish well toddlers by unknowingly wetting their beds, wanting their protective covering blankets and old toys. They may end up being depressed, angry and uncooperative. They may also resort to strong-growing and disobedient behavior. (Emery, R. E., 135)Children at the age of 6-10 years are school-age children. Many psychologists believe that this is the worst age where the effects of divorce are felt. Children at this age have the capac ity to understand the pain brought about by the separation of the parents. However, they lack the capability to understand how to potency their reactions to the pain caused. (Emery, R. E., 142)The school-aged children may experience severe psychological turmoil like embarrassment, grief, resentment, divided loyalty and at times intense anger. They may also feel rejected by the leaving parent and have cases of stomachaches and headaches. These children can cope easily with the situation if they get involved actively with crop and other activities with their peers (Emery, R. E., 145)Children aged between 10-16 are already pre-teens or teens and are now adolescents. They are in a position to understand the reasons conduct up to the divorce. This is because they can easily remember the stress and conflict preceding such a divorce. Such ability to remember may at the some time interfere with the capability to handle the changes that occur in the family. (Emery, R. E., 155)The teen ma y also be faced with emotional channel because of the pressure of trying to side with one parent as argue to the other. This would involve faulting one parent over the other as the resole cause for the divorce. (Emery, R. E., 156)At this age they are likely to experience anger, depression, devastation and guilt. They also end up taking various responsibilities to fill in the gap the parent has left. Such responsibilities would include house chores and caring for other siblings. This may make them feel pushed to adult-hood. Some in response to the low energy and high stress levels from the parent may want to take control of the family. The teens at this time also would be undergoing various sexual changes and may get affected because of lack of parental support. (Emery, R. E., 159)Witnessing the pain of divorce may also have serious implication on the teens science on how well they would stay in a marriage in the future. (Emery, R. E., 159)Gender effectsVarious research findings have revealed that gender of the child plays a significant role on the effects of divorce on the respective children. It has been seen that boys raised by their fathers and girls raised by their mothers do better than vice versa.Boys of school age, who live with their fathers, seem to be less aggressive and have low emotional problems compared to boys living with their mothers who lack any tint with the fathers. (Emery, R. E., 164)On the other hand, girls raised by their mothers seem to be more responsible and mature than those ones raised by the fathers. (Emery, R. E., 164)ConclusionAll verbalise and done divorce has devastating and traumatic effects on the children. However the society at large has the responsibility of making it easier for the children. When parents are well supported through the divorce process especially how to incorporate the children can play a major role to alleviate serious implications.The most important thing for the children would be to adjust to the changes and the quality of child-parent relationship would come in handyWorks CitedEmery, R. E. (1988) Marriage, divorce and childrens adjustments. NewburyPark,CASage.

Processing Algorithm For Laser Keyboards Computer Science Essay

treat Algorithm For Laser Keyboards Computer Science EssayThe embrasure which we persona to interact with a computer is a hardw atomic number 18 imposture called the recognizeboard. on that point control been drastic substitutes in the keyboard layouts which have evolved into the traffic patterns same(p) those of the DVORAK and QWERTY keyboards. Then came the digital era where al around e rattlingthing is in the digital form making things squeeze outdidr to employ and weensyer in size.As the demand for more than computing environments have evolved, new human computer port wines have been implemented to provide multi-form interactions amid ex publishditurers and machines. Nonethe little, the basis for most human to computer interactions re chief(prenominal)s the traditional keyboard and mo spend. usual keyboards ar reasonably sized, comfortable and effective. Howalways, they ar difficult to carry and practically require wiring. To overcome these problems a smal ler and more mobile conform to typewrite device has been proposed which does non have whatsoever material sup air. This device is known as practical(prenominal) keyboard or zero form component interface.IntroductionIn 1999, a proposal was made to use a single tiny sensor to observe the users senses transforming motions into keystrokes. The main idea was to draw off a keyboard out of sensors and light, projecting it on desktops, airplane tray tables and any a nonher(prenominal) flat dig up. This started a new concept of using a keyboard with a different interface. The virtual keyboard was knowing in a way to alternate laptops mechanical keyboards, making the devices thinner and lighter. The virtual keyboard is an unbreakable, washable keypad, projected onto a flat surface apply in hospital operating rooms, shoes vehicles and in other computerized environments.Types of Virtual Keyboards2.1 On Screen keyboardThe on- cover version keyboard is built in with the windows operating governance. This started a revolution of virtual keyboards in this digital era. It allows users with mobility impairments to symbol data by using a pointing device or joystick. It provides a minimum level of functionality for some people with mobility impairments and to a fault helps users who do not know how to type. It stool be used even when there is no external keyboard. It is in any case refer bolshie to sometimes as hot virtual keyboard.A number of advanced features have been enabled to make the on-screen typing easier, faster and more accurate. It lets the users to type accurately and faster by suggesting words found on taps. This technology works similar to the one available in forward-looking mobile phones and communicators, permute faster and accurate typing by suggesting the sink words after entering a few symbols. This keyboard will be more useful for users of TabletPC, Ultra-mobile PC, PanelPC, CarPC and similar touch-screen devices. The picture below is that of an on-screen keyboard.Figure 1(Tan, D. S., Keyani, P., and Czerwinski, M. 2005)Affordances of On-Screen Keyboard renewal physical keyboardThe on-screen keyboard is designed in such a way that, it replaces the physical keyboard. The people using the computer outlines will find its usage very much helpful.Can do all the workIt functions just analogous an ordinary keyboard having all the QWERTY keys. It also helps the users from the tedious work of typing.2.2 Laser KeyboardThe optical maser keyboard actually replaces the traditional keyboard. This can be dictated on any sympathetic of flat surface. It can be automatically connected to the near device available using the bluetooth technology. It is about the size of a small mobile phoneular phone and enables the users to type texts or e-mails as easily as like a ordinary keyboard.It uses a light bump of a full-sized computer keyboard on almost any surface. Used with PDAs and Smart Phones, the virtual keyboard provid es a practical way to do e-mail, word bear upon and spreadsheet tasks, enabling the users to leave laptops and computers at home. The virtual keyboard adaptable technology studies the users find movements to project and record keystrokes. As the virtual keyboard is an image projected by light, it disappears on the whole when not in use. The picture shown below is that of a laser keyboard.CDocuments and Settingss507046Desktoplaser_keyboard.jpgFigure 2 (Tomasi, C., Rafii, A., and Torunoglu, I. 2003)TECHNICAL ASPECTSI-Techs opinion was to build everything from scratch. In the process, they designed sensors based on a variety of principles, from the special- purpose structured-light devices called beam trangulators to methods based on the measurement of time and phase1 of returning light pulses invented by Canestas Cyrus Bamji.The main hardw atomic number 18 modules used in the architecture of the virtual keyboard argon categorised into three modules namely 3-D optical camera, ocu lar feedback and a processing platform. The camera is connected to the platform and to the PC via USB 2.0 interface. Using serial port the feedback communicates with the computer system. The sensors in the camera are designed in such a way that it avoids all other background light. Together, they cost less than a mechanical keyboard, and draw less power than a cell phone. The resulting system bumps almost like a mechanical keyboard, even if users feel only the impact of their fingers on the projection surface when typing.The optical system projects the keyboard onto the typing surface its infrared light source generates an in in sight, fan-shaped beam browse the surface and its sensing system includes a processing unit. All are in fixed relative positions no user adjustment is required. The projector is positioned laid-back on the host device. In the simplest sensor, the camera looks down at the typing surface at a shallow angle through a wide lens sensitive only to infrared ligh t. A finger striking the typing surface breaks the infrared beam, thereby becoming visible to the camera. Triangulation then determines the position of the finger on the typing surface.Even with this simple sensor, implementation of the projection keyboard under the constraints of weight, size, power, cost, reliability, and usability has involved formidable technical challenges.Keyboard projectionMost current optical-projection systems mask light to form images at a distance. For instance, in a slide projector, the slide itself blocks part of the light strike it the remaining light makes it through the lens and onto the screen, forming the image. This is the basic technique used in the projection of the keyboard on a flat surface.Finger fervour and sensingWhen typing, a users useful action occurs in the thin shape of space that separates the hovering and constantly moving fingers from the surface of the keyboard. In a perfective aspect world, an infinitesimally thin sheet of infr ared light grazing the typing surface could be used as a trip switch when a finger intersects the beam, it would also be touching the surface. In this instance, a finger that becomes visible to the camera is a finger that hits a key, and all that is leftover for the sensor is determining the fingers position by triangulation.Affordances of Laser KeyboardEasy to useThe laser keyboard is very easy to use. It gets connected to an available computer system easily without much effort.Easy to come inIt is very easy to install and requires no wiring for it. It uses the Bluetooth technology to get connected to the computer systems. movableAs it looks like a mobile phone, it is very much portable and is used irrespective of the surface used for typing purposes. It can be used as an ordinary keyboard with adjustable sensors which allow the user to change the size of the keyboard according to his usage.2.3 Laser Pen KeyboardIn the laser indite keyboard the sensors are attached to a device w hich looks like a drop a line. The setup also has a projector which displays the keyboard on the screen. When it is integrated with the projector it is merely used as a projecting device which projects just what is macrocosm printed on the screen. It can also be connected with a monitor for viewing the display. A picture of the laser pen keyboard is shown below.CDocuments and SettingsS506432DesktopVKBpens5.jpgFigure 3(Retrieved from http//us.gizmodo.com/gadgets/images/laserpen.jpg)Technical interfaceThe sensors in the setup used for projecting the keyboard are the infra red rays. These rays are projected on to a flat surface for erupt sensing of hovering of the keys. The usage of this keyboard is very convenient as it has no wires to connect. The lithium batteries in the sensors allow us to use this setup continuously for 2 hours of typing. It comes with 63 keys and a full size QWERTY layout which allows the user to be as comfortable as he is with the standard ordinary keyboar d. This also has a stylus which allows the users to use the keyboard in a compact area where the resizing of the keyboard becomes a necessity. One of the advantages of using this keyboard is that the size of the keyboard can be altered as per the user.Affordances of Laser Pen KeyboardSimple to useThe setup for the laser pen keyboard is very simple to use. This makes the users to bring about tasks in a simpler way. Laser pen keyboard can be connected to any computing device to perform input actions for the device. Connection can be made without using wires or any physical network.Screen ProjectionLaser pen keyboard not only has a keyboard projection but also has a screen projection. One pen does the keyboard projection with numbers of keys on keyboard and the other pen does the screen projection which shows the keys which are selected and also actions done on the keyboard. working of Laser KeyboardsThe working of the virtual keyboard consists of five main modules (1) depth procedu re error correction, a camera dependent module based on specific models designed for the range camera, (2) background subtraction, (3) central column estimation, (4) fingertip detection, and (5) keystroke detection. The regard shows the complete working of the basic working implemented in the design of the virtual keyboards.Figure 4(Huan Du, Thierry Oggier, Felix Lustenberger and Edoardo Charbon 2004)A 3D range camera is placed over the input surface with a well-defined angle confront the working area. The size of the working area is limited by the spacial resolution of the camera. The display projector is mounted on the camera which would generate the visual feedback for the keyboard and input data. The camera is adjusted at startup. It assumes the surface as a projection intercellular substance. The keystroke detection is usually done through this projection matrix. This is passed as a map and is processed for error correction. The error correction compensates the errors cause d by the unevenness of the surface. The rectified range measurements, combined with gray-scale image, are then subtracted from the credit entry image. It is then stored as a binary format in the matrix formed.After applying the central column estimation, which is defined as the pixel segments associated with fingers that are good candidates for an event, by searching the local extreme in x-coordinate along the hand boundary, and applying the fingertip detection by extracting features with curve modeling, precise location of fingertips can be found in the hand region. Finally, the keystroke detection is obtained by commensurate depth curve applying another feature model, and the corresponding hitting positions are mapped back to the world coordinate system to infer the stricken keys. The updated key status is then sent to visual feedback module to generate remember display.The visual feedback module projects a dynamically generated image on to a LCD. When the algorithm used, detec ts a key-striking event on the surface, an UPDATE sway is sent. The command contains the specific key information. It updates the generated display and the user can see the change of keyboard image as a textual or graphical update.The information supplied by the camera allows developing a few simpler and more effectual algorithms to estimate the position of fingertips and to locate the corresponding key. Simplicity and efficiency are key elements to enable real-time and even portable applications.Future and grasp of the ProjectUsers see this as an emerging technology which helps as an interface to connect to the digital world. Though its use is being restricted to fewer applications now, as users learn more about this, it can be judge that users for this virtual keyboard increase in the near future. However there are a few challenges in this project. The main disadvantage is that of light scatter and close target. And due to this the image resolution becomes low and restricts t he user to use it with a large view window.In the future, we may expect that the in a higher place said disadvantages will be solved and virtual keyboard will be used on flat surfaces and also on uneven surfaces. The keyboard could also be used on any type of surface like water and so on, so that the user can use the keyboard when ever and where ever necessary.CONCLUSIONMore than a decade ago, (Mark Weiser,2000) of Xerox PARC, said, The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. This fundamental unobtrusiveness is the main metric of validity for the fledgling(prenominal) field of electronic perception technology.The virtual keyboard can be termed a great invention in the digital world. Users look forward for it being used in a more effective way than before. Users also can expect the inventors to make an advancement of it in such a way that it can be used on any kind of a sur face.

Analysis Of Pepsico Vision Statement Business Essay

summary Of Pepsico Vision Statement Business EssayPepsiCo is a participation which is intimately successful well-known nocks in the beingness. Pepsi Compevery is nationally and globally to operating in non-alcoholic beverage industry, sonant drink industry, and juicy snack industry. Besides that, PepsiCo bids the worlds largest portfolio of food and beverage brands included 22 dissimilar yield lines. And the biggest competition from competitor is Coca-Cola in soft drink industry.depth psychology of PepsiCo Vision StatementAccording to heap line of PepsiCo, I had purpose seven segments to digest the imaginativeness such as directional, graphic, rivet, flexible, feasible, desir subject, and easy to understand. start-off of all, the directional component of PepsiCo is target to plump a truly sustainable company by using focus on environmental stewardship, activities to arrive at society, and a perpetration to plant theatrical roleholder value. From the case, Pe psiCo has extensive statements on sustainability, the environment, wellness and wellness, and diversity. Pepsi Company is nationally and globally to operating in non-alcoholic beverage industry, soft drink industry, and savoury snack industry. PepsiCo is able to expansion market to shell out invigorated market segment by proffers health and safety product to make consumer more confidence to purchase and become a sustainable company.Besides that, the graphic component of PepsiCo is not appearing in the true mass statement. From the afoot(predicate) vision, it has no computer address closely company steering is lay down and the market position the company is striving to stake out.Moreover, the focus component of PepsiCo is focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value. According to the PepsiCo case which said that PepsiCo are focusing in projects to incr allay to use of recycled materials and reduce material u sed in packaging. It will serving PepsiCo build a good brand image, environment friendly and good reputation. When brand image is created, it will attach brand awareness of Pepsi and easy to launch hot product to serve in the raw market segment and achieve the commitment of shareholder value. However, once the commitment with shareholder is broken it will bring negative effect to the company such as poor reputation and decrease number of invertors.In addition, the flexible component of PepsiCo is creating a bettor tomorrow than today. From the statement, PepsiCo is wanted to meliorate all aspects of the world to create a better future. So, it may help increase more potential profitability due to better than previous year. And, it also assists PepsiCo a step prior to be truly sustainable company. Yet, it also some aspect is uncontrollable such as modernistic competitor and economic downturn.Furthermore, the feasible component is or so the reasonable stop to achieve in due t ime. From the case, PepsiCo is expecting continually to improve all the aspects of the world. PepsiCo is able to achieve this vision due to strong financial and also all-encompassing range of distribution network. It also has opportunities capture more market share around the world. However, it needs resources and times to achieve the goal.Additionally, the desirable component is approximately long term interest of stakeholders. In the vision of PepsiCo, it is commitment to build shareholder value. PepsiCo has long history of delivery strong financial harvest-home for shareholders with the powerful brand and commitment to sustainability and top global talent. Conversely, it also portray problem when shareholders may disagree with PepsiCo decision qualification and may eliminate conflict belong PepsiCo and shareholder.Lastly, the easy to understand component is round ease to communicate and understand of the vision statement. From the PepsiCos vision statement, it is using a kick the bucket language and simple to make customer easy to understand their vision.Analysis of Vision Statements- ShortcomingsFor the shortcoming of vision statement, I had used five components to abbreviation the shortcoming such as isolated and incomplete, not forward looking, bland, to a fault immense or not distinctive, and rely on superlatives.First of all, the vague and incomplete component is virtually short on specific or does not provide much indication and how the PepsiCo intend to alter the present-day(prenominal) product, market, customer, and engine room focus. PepsiCo is only deferred payment about improve all aspects of the world in which they operate for their economic, social and environment. But it is missing out to mention about Pepsi product portfolio and how they treat their employees in vision statement.Besides that, the not forward looking is about the company is not tinct about the future. From the vision of PepsiCo, it has concern about the future by the sentences creating a better tomorrow than today by using improving the aspects of the world in which they are operated.Furthermore, the bland component is about the company lacking in motivational power. From the vision statement of PepsiCo, it has commitment to achieve shareholder value, so from the commitment will motivate the shareholders to support the company.Next, the component is too large-minded and not distinctive is about the vision could apply to most any company. The vision statement of PepsiCo is too common and corporate social right whoremonger apply to most any company.Lastly, the component rely on superlatives is about the vision too reliant on such superlatives as best, most successful and market leader. From the PepsiCo vision is does not mention is most successful and first choice of customers.RecommendationFrom the analysis of shortcomings in the vision statement of PepsiCo, I would like to give few recommendations to improve the actual vision stateme nt of PepsiCo.First of all, I would like to recommend about the incomplete vision statement of PepsiCo. The vision of PepsiCo should include their company product, market, customer, technology focus, and their employees. So, employee and customer bear easy to understand what kind of melodic phrase PepsiCo is running and what purpose of PepsiCo is targeted.The second shortcomings vision statement is not distinctive. From my opinion, the company vision should be different with other companys vision. PepsiCos vision statement is too broad and it is easy same vision with others company. Therefore, PepsiCo should be more specific its vision statement and make the vision statement more memorable for people.From my opinion, the veritable vision statement of PepsiCo is good but I would like to outgo the shortcomings appear in PepsiCo vision statement. So, pertly vision statement will be as belowPepsiCos is underscoringcommitment a truthful want for product quality and safety from mate rials, beverage combineing to bottling, and receive resplendent go from our employee. Plus, responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate and creating a better tomorrow than today.Our care is maximum our shareholders riches and focus on environmental stewardship and activities to benefit society by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company.Evaluation of billing statementA mission statement is the current business activities or proposes what we are and what we do. From the mission statement of PepsiCo, I would like to use evaluation matrix to analysis and provides a new description to the PepsiCo. The components use to analysis include customers, products/ work, markets, concern for survival, growth and profitability, technology, philosophy, self-concept, concern for public image and concern for employees.The customer component is about the target customer of the company. From the current description of PepsiCo is does not mention about the customer. So, I suggest a new description that PepsiCo should concern, state loyalty and listen to customer in the mission statement.Product and services component is about the degradeds major product and services provides to customer. From the mission statement, PepsiCo is offer convenient foods and beverages to the customer. For example product of PepsiCo offer is Quaker Oats, CapN Crunch cereal, auntie Jemima syrup, and Tropi potfula juice. Although there is description in the current mission statement, but I would like to give my recommendation to make PepsiCo mission statement become better by develop a new product line. For example, PepsiCo can develop a new product line Pepsi Green mix with herb and position PepsiCo is an environment friendly company.Market component is about geographically and the places the firm compete. From the current description of PepsiCo is wanted to be the worlds atomic number 61 consumer Products Company and serve in globally. For the new de scription, I would suggest PepsiCo increase more vending machine at bus station, train station, or cinema to make customer able to purchase at anywhere and anytime. mend for survival, growth, and profitability component is about is the firm financial soundness and committed to growth. From the current description of PepsiCo is produce financial reinforcing stimuluss to investors as we provide opportunities for growth. For new description, PepsiCo is need for knowledge, producing and distributing invaluable information in a focus that benefits the customer and employee to serve the global market.Technology component is about the firm technologically current. From the current description of PepsiCo is does not mention about the technology. Therefore, for the new description PepsiCo should spend money to do more research and knowledge and using machines to reduce the production cost and time.Philosophy component is about the beliefs, basic, aspirations, values, and ethical priori ties of the firm. From the current description of PepsiCo is striving for honesty, fairness and integrity. For the new description, PepsiCo can share and caring where the people give their time, knowledge, and experience. Besides that, it also empower people which mean that having a freedom to think in shipway and get the job done, while following to processes that ensure management and being mindful of company needs.Self-concept component is about the firms major competitive advantages or distinctive competence. From the current description of PepsiCo is does not mention about the self-concept. However, I would like to recommend PepsiCo to create a competitive advantage strategic. For example, Pepsi can use marketing mix such as product, price, packaging, and distribution to tick off itself with other company product. And also can excellent customer services to the customer such as delivery product on time.Concern for public image component is about the firm responsive to socia l, community, and environmental concerns. From the current description of PepsiCo is not appearing in the mission statement. Therefore, the new description for PepsiCo should contribute to the economic strength of society and responsibility of CSR. For example, PepsiCo is fully committed to protecting the earths natural resources through innovation and the efficient use of land, water, energy and packaging in the operations.Concern for employee component is about the employee is valuable asset of the firm. From the current description of PepsiCo is enrichment to the employees, but I would like to resurrect it to become better by provides reward and training to the employee. Once the reward system is set up, the employee is put more effect to doing their job and stake employee to training it provides an opportunities for growth of business.Following new description, I would like to modifications to the current mission statement to be a new mission statement as belowOur mission is to be the worlds leading consumer Products Company and marketing beverages and foods in anytime and anywhere. We serve with gamey innovation technology to produce new food according customer needs and sending staffs to training for provides high quality of services to sustain customer loyalty. Also, we are responsibilities in CSR, empowered people, and opportunities for growth to maximize shareholder wealth.ConclusionAs a business analyst of PepsiCo, I had analysed the vision statement and mission statement of PepsiCo by different component and evaluate matrix. Hence, I had recommended modifications and enhancement to the current vision statement and mission statement. With the new vision statement and new mission statement that has been enchanted will easier to understand and memorable by people. Lastly, by develop a new vision and mission statement, PepsiCo can create a better future and one more step forward be a truly sustainable company.

Essay About Family: Cutting Strings :: Personal Narrative essay about my family

Cutting StringsIm in bed, scanning the ceiling for a empty-headed that isnt there. There wasnt one last night, or the night onward, so I shouldnt have expected anything different than the textured surface that my retinas now stops across in a long diagonal. The same grey, dried-paint-sharp ceiling that they get int show in the brochures. Always with let on a light. Sure, one of those fake-Southwestern lamps with a pliable lamp shade sits beside me on the coffee table, but itll just egest with everything else once this island of a motel room shrinks down(a) to a pinpoint and these 2 beds, those dresser drawers, that mirror, Jessie, Bekah, and my own elusive existence tumble into the empty gap. be they still out there?I dont contrive her, but I imagine my 16-year-old sister Jessie gaping at the lily-white TV screen, hoping somebody will answer her question.Yep, Bekah rattles off too quickly.Thats right, I realize. Still outside. Probably in the car, pinned under the hard ra in. It was precipitate when we got here. Some firefly of a town at the crossing of two faded freeways in northern Pennsylvania where it snows a lot in the wintertime for the skiers, my dad told me in a watery voice age our minivan hummed down the off-ramp. Watercolor black, I thought while I looked out the window, except for the yellow, splotchy Super-8 sign and the white motel lobby. My two sisters and I brought the luggage down and were still waiting for mom and dad like out of work puppets, and Im still wishing for a light fixture. exchangeable the bubble-shaped one that hung in my bedroom about two thousand miles away, before I turned 18 on this family road trip. Before this indorse act, when my parents stopped flinching their puppet master wrists from above the stage, and so I in conclusion cut my own strings, just to fall flat on my plastic face and deflate like a balloon.The door clicks open. What can I hang on to? The ceiling is blank.Mom?I hear my sisters drawl and thi nk desperately about a light fixture, this one big, with crystal chains and gold bars. I can find the mattress slipping below my back.Take your things.Swinging from chandeliers? No, too much. Id just hold on.Take your things and get out, Mom says. Youre sleeping with your dad tonight.My two sisters and my older brother and I never hear much, but my mother would sometimes tell us about how her parents rung her and did other things too.

The function of flashbacks in Death of a Salesman. Essay -- English Li

The function of flashbacks in goal of a Salesman.Throughout shoemakers last of a Salesman flashbacks atomic number 18 utilise continuously,typically to present the audience with the Loman familys punctuateand found deterioration. In crop one we determine the depression flashback at thebeginning of the escape. As the play starts to go into flashback thebackdrop changes from the present A office staffment houses and thesurroundings sour covered in leaves. The first sign of the Lomanshappy aside. Willy is talk scent out and telling Biff to hitch hisschooling, giving him good advice, and then he shows his wealth,polishing the car lecture about the hammock that Willy is going tobuy, to the secure bag that Willy bought his sons. This all recognisems to a faultgood to be true and as the flashbacks are taking postal service throughout theplay we begin to see a tragic submarine sandwich uncovered, Willy. The flashbacksshow his highs from the past but the existence now is his present, andhis falls. As the flashback begins to uncover, We see that the past isarriving on stage forrader the present has left.Ben a instance from the past that is dead is present in flashbacksthroughout the play. But at the start his presence he is more(prenominal) diffuseas he spreads with all the characters in the flashback. Later Ben is becalm apparent but barely when Willy is alone in a flashback. As theflashbacks are happening in the past, the present is still there. Soas Willy is talking to Ben, Linda is confused to who Willy is talkingto.The laughter of the past is heard during the play from the womanWilly was having an thing with. This shows Willy conscience, and thathe stills thinks about what he did. The stage directions desexualize a orientof saying, From the darkness, and although this is not a ... ...flashback page 15 when the skyscrapers change to trees and leaves.This shows the environment, which the Loman family used to lively in.The function of fl ashback in Death of a Salesman has proven to besuccessful. It helps to show the contrast between the past and thepresent, an insight into Willies behaviour, and also explains thedecline that Willy is experiencing in throughout his life. The varietyof moods, situation and atmosphere throughout the play and itsflashbacks make it easier for the audience to comprehend and she-bop an insight into the characters personality. This play makes it slack for theaudience to relate to the characters and their lives. What the Lomansare going through is a part of reality of which many pot have todeal with everyday and so by incorporating flashbacks into the scriptmakes the idea more accessible to understand. The function of flashbacks in Death of a Salesman. Essay -- English LiThe function of flashbacks in Death of a Salesman.Throughout Death of a Salesman flashbacks are used continuously,typically to present the audience with the Loman familys backgroundand show deterioration . In act one we see the first flashback at thebeginning of the play. As the play starts to go into flashback thebackdrop changes from the present Apartment houses and thesurroundings become covered in leaves. The first sign of the Lomanshappy past. Willy is talking sense and telling Biff to watch hisschooling, giving him good advice, and then he shows his wealth,polishing the car talking about the hammock that Willy is going tobuy, to the punch bag that Willy bought his sons. This all seems toogood to be true and as the flashbacks are taking place throughout theplay we begin to see a tragic hero uncovered, Willy. The flashbacksshow his highs from the past but the reality now is his present, andhis falls. As the flashback begins to uncover, We see that the past isarriving on stage before the present has left.Ben a character from the past that is dead is present in flashbacksthroughout the play. But at the start his presence he is more diffuseas he spreads with all the characters in t he flashback. Later Ben isstill apparent but only when Willy is alone in a flashback. As theflashbacks are happening in the past, the present is still there. Soas Willy is talking to Ben, Linda is confused to who Willy is talkingto.The laughter of the past is heard during the play from the womanWilly was having an affair with. This shows Willy conscience, and thathe stills thinks about what he did. The stage directions make a pointof saying, From the darkness, and although this is not a ... ...flashback page 15 when the skyscrapers change to trees and leaves.This shows the environment, which the Loman family used to live in.The function of flashback in Death of a Salesman has proven to besuccessful. It helps to show the contrast between the past and thepresent, an insight into Willies behaviour, and also explains thedecline that Willy is experiencing in throughout his life. The varietyof moods, location and atmosphere throughout the play and itsflashbacks make it easier for the aud ience to comprehend and get an insight into the characters personality. This play makes it easy for theaudience to relate to the characters and their lives. What the Lomansare going through is a part of reality of which many people have todeal with everyday and so by incorporating flashbacks into the scriptmakes the theme more accessible to understand.

The Great Gatsby - Narrators Role in Establishing Theme Essay

The evolving character of an interactive narrator can cooperate discern key themes in a novel. F. Scott Fitzgeralds social examination of emotional state in Americas Jazz Age relies heavily on knap Carraway, the narrator, playacting as a Trojan horse for Fitzgerald to smuggle his own ideologies into The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald endorses realist class dealing as power relations over the romantic and archaic Jeffersonian envisage of simple agrarian value. He likewise favours the view that the American pep pill classs carpe diem approach to life placed capitalist society in a moral downwards spiral, instead of conforming to mainstream ideas of the Age such as money can buy happiness. slit?s statement that people be only ?pursued? (gener entirelyy the upper classes, being chased due to their lifestyle) or ? act? (chasing the lifestyle of the pursued). These mutu ally exclusive states mean that chip believes all the characters with which he interacts can be stratified into one o f these two groups, plain based on class. The narrator also claims that people can also be ?busy and?tired?. Again, these two vaguer classes cannot exist together. At foremost examination it may seem that this ?black and white? observation of the members of Gatsby?s America is shortsighted. However at that stage on the novel scratch is entitled to make such a judgement.Immediately after Nick?s thought entered his ?heady? mind, he had just learnt the purpose of ? wasted splendour? from Jordan that Gatsby had moved to West Egg to be close to Daisy. This ?pursuing? of Daisy, the ?five years? of busy waiting, is certainly a revelation to the reader, and to Nick. Nick also says that he had forgotten about ?Daisy and Gatsby?, though it still must have played on his subcons... ...towards her old family (?Do they miss me), these all serve to promote Fitzgerald?s endorsed theme of the corruption of the traditional set of the West, and how the ?Money can buy happiness? myth sends society into a downwards spiral.The way that Nick Carraway, as an interactive narrator, relates to different characters (and what they wheel for) in the novel conveys the extent to which Fitzgerald endorses or challenges that character?s ideologies. Nick tarnishes all characters with a cynical, stratifying brush in order to smuggle in the main ideologies of the text by creating a pastiche of these themes. Nick?s black-and-white thought of the ?pursuing, the pursued, the busy and the tired? serves to reinforce the contrast of what is endorsed and challenged by the book, via the medium of the narrator?s interaction with different creations of the author.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

ThesisIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding suggests the decline of order leads to mutiny and chaos.Blue PrintThe decline of order reveals the animalistic instincts of savagery, their lack of conscience, and the inability to entertain rational thought, causing an uprising of destruction. Common DenominatorWays in which the decline of order results in anarchy and chaos.Topic Sentences1. Without the former organize of their daily lives the boys are unable to entertain rational thought.a.The boys have to now rationalize their thoughts pertaining to enjoying themselves on the island without getting out of line.1.Weve go to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages.(32)A.At the graduation the boys believe that if they have rules and follow them that they will be okay and get rescued.b.The boys are not in a civilized area with adults to tell them whats good, bad, right, or wrong, so they have to become adults in a short period of beat when they are still very much ch ildren.1.Theres other thing we can help them to find us. If a ship comes closemouthed the island they might not notice us. We must make a fire.(38)A.Ralph had grown some and he has to think rationally.B.They ponder on how to make a fire.2.His specs-use them as burning glasses(40)A.Not but was Ralphs humor of the fire a critical attempt to save everyone, it also helped to come along more respect and responsibility.B.Jack suggests the idea of using Piggys glasses to light the fire.C.Although the fire provides that the children are not able to command themselves, the conch symbolizes the growing hope and potential that people have to advance.c.At offset printing the boys thought rationally before doing something wrong and matte guilty if they did, but later the savagery engulfs the boys and they feel no terror or guilt.1.I hit him all right. The spear stuck in. I maimed him(125)A.Ralph is now feeling the power that Jack feels when he hunts.2.Right up her ass.(135)A.Roger is now showing the evil that is in all of the boys, but has not been presented yet.B.Roger is raping this pig even though she is already in agonizing painfulness he still does it.C.He feels no guilt but only pleasure.D.This is showing his savagery. 2. Without an orderly system of discipline the boys lack of conscience starts to be more prominent.a.The boys have no civilization or supervision to relate to so they realize what that they can get outdoor(a) with anything without punishment.

No Country for Old Men Essay -- Character Analysis, Sheriff Ed Tom Bel

Bitter ab by the evolution of the corruption of society, Sheriff Ed Tom doorbell plays the official hero clinging to senile traditions and reminiscing about the old days in No Country for sometime(a) Men by Cormac McCarthy. Delusions of a peaceful utopia during the time his grandpa Jack was a sheriff has go away Bell looking at the world through hopeless eye a world on its knees with only one explanation for its destruction Satan. Not necessarily a religious man, Sheriff Bell, when asked if he believes in Satan, remarks He explains a lot of things that otherwise dont have no explanation. Or not to me they dont (218). Throughout No County for Old Men, Sheriff Bell is determined to save Llewellyn Moss in order to prove that legal expert can be served in a world now drenched in in decay. Throughout the book and the film adaptation, the audience can call in Sheriff Bell, a tormented old man, sink deeper into his bitterness and his hope make noise away in the Texas heat. The book, No Country for Old Men, switches from first someone to third person perspective the first person perspective approaching only from Sheriff Bell. It is with these first person accounts that the reader understands why Bell is saddened by the new world around him. He see to its of a story he read in the newspaper about teachers answering a wad of what the biggest problems were with teaching in schools the biggest problems these teachers could name were talking in class and rails in hallways. Chewing gum. Copying homework. The story in the paper then(prenominal) states that forty years later the survey was given to teachers and the biggest problems were Rape, arson, murder. Drugs. Suicide. Bell is alarm by this story in the paper and is in disbelief when good deal tell him he is just getting old w... ... ultimate stroke of not being able to protect Moss and his wife, Carla Jean, one can tell that the decision to quit irritates Bell more than anything when he accounts so you c ould formulate to me that I aint changed a bit (282).Ellis reminds Bell about how his uncle Mac died gunned mastered by Indians in the old days saying Mac came out with a shotgun. Ellis is letting Ed Tom know that things were violent eventide in the old days. Ultimately, Bells decision to quit is the confrontation of what Moss decided to do when presented with the choice of quitting and Bells decision leaves him with his life. Bells wife, Loretta, asks him if he his quitting while he is onward Bell, whose rite of passing is written throughout the entire story and concludes that there is no clownish for old men, responds no mam I just aim to quit. I aint ahead by a damn sight. I never will be (298).

My Challenged Friend :: Friendship Essay

Learning from My mentally Challenged Friend   From the time I was two years old until I was to the highest degree seven Steve had been my best friend. He and I went over to severally others houses all the time. At that age I was very friendly and loving to everyone but very over- exploitive. I have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity rowdiness (ADHD) so I was boisterous and restless. Everything was great until second grade when Steves parents began to detest my behavior because I was so hyper. Thats when they wouldnt let Steve be my friend any longer and eventually he was forced to cut off contact with me.   This stony-broke my heart and I would have been able to get over it without similarly many scars if the rest of the kids had standardisedd me. But they didnt. No one would swordplay with me at recess and no one would ever come to my house. I began to get very depressed. My teachers were not aware of ADHD and were extremely slender of me and insensitive to my disab ility.   It was then I was approached to help Freddie, who is mentally challenged, prepare for the coming(prenominal) Challenger Little League. In the league disabled children play, and normal kids act as their buddies to help move the game along. Freddies mom and mine vista it would be a good idea because I would be portion Freddie get ready for the league, and doing something for Freddie might make me feel better about myself.   Since then we have been playing ball each fall and forswear at his house once a week. In that time I have grown to know him as a person, his likes and dislikes. He has a strong personality that contradicts the image I had of kids with mental disabilities. I had imagined that they were basically passive showing only faint recognition and response to anything occurrent in the world around them. And while this may be received for some severe disabilities, Freddie interacts with his environment righteous like I do. We just have different obs tacles to face, different disabilities to overcome.   While Freddie and I threw the ball around in the backyard, I developed a genuine friendship with him like I would have with any other kid I knew. That is wherefore I enjoyed going over to his house.

Racism in Song of Solomon, Push and Life of Olaudah Equiano Essay

Expressing Racism in Song of Solomon, Push and The Interesting level of the Life of Olaudah Equiano African-Americans often are discriminated against, suffer from a barrage of racial remarks, and even endure racially based acts of violence. Unfortunately, this crime against hu patchity goes some(prenominal) ways. Those being ladened may retaliate as a case of self-defense, sometimes becoming that which they despise most. In many cases the Black man is forced into developing racist mores against the White man due to historical history and to the fact that Whites discriminate against them. The victim of oppression can blend in the oppressor and, in fact, this reverse racism may easily develop into a feeling of transcendency for Black people. Although both parties, Black and White racists, suffer from the belief that their witness race is the superior one, it could be said that the Black community is oft more justified in their beliefs. Black writer, Sapphire is quoted as d ictum One of the myths weve been taught, is that oppression creates example superiority. Im here to tell you that the more oppressed a person is, the more tyrannic they will be (Walker, advert 2001). I believe it not only creates a more oppressive group of people, but a group that believes they are morally superior. This moral superiority is evident in the writings and the personal lives of Olaudah Equiano, Toni Morrison, Sapphire and Maya Angelou. These writers screening a common point of view held among many African-Americans in their views of Africa versus America, holiness among Whites versus morality among Blacks, and racial inferiority versus racial superiority. African-Americans often form comparisons between Africa, the country they were forcibl... ...and the Middle Passage. Ed. Maria Diedrich, enthalpy Louis Gates, Jr., and Carl Pedersen. revolutionary York Oxford UP, 1999 47-56. Davis, Jane. The White physical body in the Black Mind A Study of African American L iterature. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 2000. Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York Putnam, 1987 1-182. Mandville, Sir John. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. Harmondsworth, England Penguin, 1983, p.64. Morrison, Toni_Guest. Personal Interview. Jet 31 direful 1998. www.findarticles.com (10 Sept. 2001). Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire_Guest. Personal Interview by Carletta Joy Walker. www.foodcoop.com (13 Sept. 2001). Sapphire. Push. New York Random House, 1997.

Reflections on Shevchenkos Kateryna Essay -- Poetry Analysis

Purpose didactics The purpose of this research paper is to discover why Taras Shevchenko uses of women in his poetry. on with the poem Kateryna, women are utilise quite heavily by the author. The women in his poetry appear to symbolize the czarist imposition of serfdom in the Ukraine. The irony was written when his own freedom was purchased by a friend. Women are usually seen as becoming impregnated by Moscals and then abandon by their impregnators. Shevchenko desire is to reveal how the czars imprison the Ukrainian people just as women are put into a prison by the seduction of the soldiers from Moscow. hassle StatementTaras Shevchenko, through his poem, Kateryna, was addressing the issue of Petersburg imposing serfdom upon the Ukraine. He used the symbol of women who gave themselves to the Moscals soldiers. The problem Shevchenko perceived was twofold. He was concerned about how Ukraine naturalness was being filed by the introduction of Russian genes by these womens pregnanci es. The second was Russian interference into everyday Ukrainian life as symbolized by the enceinte women being abandoned by the Moscal soldier.Introductionno(prenominal) taking into describe all challenges and difficulties, Taras Shevchenko, ninetieth century Ukrainian romantic field poet, wrote in Ukrainian and about Ukraine. He demonstrated that the Ukrainian language deserves literary attention and in turn rekindling a latent Ukrainian study spirit. George Luckyj writes Shevchenko provided in his poems the raison dtre of the modern Ukrainian nation. The mythic poet became a national prophet. Thus his front importance to Ukraine is clear his works for the first time proved the intellectual maturity of the Ukrainian language and culture. Although... ...uel out front your grief. (Shevchenko)Works CitedEarly Ukrainian Identity The Case of Taras Shevchenko. Perspectives Student journal of Germanic and Slavic Studies. Winter 2004. Web. 4 whitethorn 2012.Luckyj, George S.N. The Archetype of the arse in Shevchenkos Poetry. Shevchenko and the critics, 1861-1980. Toronto University of Toronto Press, 1980. pp. 386-394.Rudnichenko, Nataliya. Being a women in Ukraine. Welcome to Ukraine n.d. Web. 5 whitethorn 2012.Shevchenko, Taras. If You but Knew. 1961. Shevchenko Poetry. Taras Shevchenko Museum. n.d. Web. 6 May 2012.Shevchenko, Taras. Katerina. 1960. Electronic Library of Ukraine Literature. University of Toronto. n.d. Web. 5 May 2012. Zheleznova, Irina, John Weir and Olga Shartse. Selected Works by Taras Shevchenko. Spring, 1984. The Modern Language Journal , Vol. 68, No. 1 (Spring, 1984), pp. 89-90.

To what extent does Jane Eyre’s past affect her fate? :: English Literature

To what extend does Jane Eyres past affect her mickle?Charlotte Bront uses many different ways to affect Jane Eyres fate.By braggart(a) Jane a difficult and tiresome childhood from a real two-year-oldage it has an effect on her adult life.From a very(prenominal) archaean age Jane Eyre had a very unusual childhood. Shestarted in a very unloving family with her aunts and cousins. She feltunloved and had a sense of refusal. Her cousin rear beat her and shealways hit back. When she did so, she was often caught and locked inthe red room. Her aunt sent her to Loward boarding school. This wasa very worrying time for Jane because already at the age of around 10she has had no love and allot in her life. The boarding school didntaid her in anyway.At boarding school Jane did not fit in. Again she was not cared for.She felt unsafe, unhappy, but does find her first relay transmitter. Helen Burnsis a real crook point in Janes life. Jane really stood up for hernew friend too. When Helen gets punished Jane stays with her. Littlebits like this help to shape Jane into a Lady and who she forget be whenshe is older. Janes new friend was a good believer in God. When Helenwas very ill, Jane realises that Helen is in trouble and could die,Helen tells Jane what will happen when she dies.I am very happy, Jane and when you hear that I am dead, you must besure and not grieve there is null to grieve about.This scene takes part in Helens bed, and is a very touching scene ofthe two girls bonding. The scene is clam and relaxed. By victimisation longsentences, you can get a feel that Helens voice is soft, and thatthere is there are no interruptions. Helen goes on later to say,I take for just now a father, and he is lately married, and will not miss me.By dying young, I shall escape great sufferings. I had not qualitiesor talents to make my way very well in the world I should fork out beencontinually at faultJane and Helen have something in common here. The girls both have th esense that their families dont love them and that they are in life ontheir own. But, now they have found each other, the girls arecomforted that they are not the only ones.Helen has her own beliefs and opinions too.my Maker and yours, who will never destroy what He created. I rely

How Being in Love can Change People :: essays research papers

How Being in Love can Change bulkIn the three marvelous full treatment, Matchstick Men, Punch-Drunk Love, and mom Day, mess are all changed greatly, and for the better by romantic or bring forth/child love. How every 1 knows that there is no one on Earth who is perfect, merely when there is love, we come so close to it. Within these three works of art, one can analyze how there is actual change by people when there is love present. Cocoa states in Gloria Naylors Mama Day, When I had come to new-fangled York cardinal years forward that I had wondered about the need for such huge buildings. No one ever seemed to be in them very long everyone was out on the sidewalks moving, moving, moving- and to where? Cocoa starts out as a lost cause, going to stark naked York as a resident tourist. Meeting George saved her vision of untested York . . . . He knew what it was really about, brisk York wasnt on those Manhattan sidewalks, just the New Yorkers. My city was a network of small towns, some even smaller than here in Willow springs. It could be one apartment building, a handful of blocks, a single square mile hidden absent with its own language, newspapers and magazines- its own judge and juries. Youd never realize that because you went and lived on our fringes.Cocoa was living in New York and had resided there for seven years, scarce was she seeing the real New York? Or was she seeing a New York fantasy world? A forever-tourist New York resident. George insists that New York is much more than than its buildings or looks, its the little things, To live in New York youd have to know about the florist on Jamaica Avenue who carried chickenhearted roses even though they didnt move well, but it was his dead wifes favorite color. The candy store in Harlem that wouldnt carry on cigarettes to twelve year olds without notes from their mothers. That they killed chickens below Houston, prayed to Santa Barbara by the East River and in Bensonhurst girls were coo l off virgins when they married.One of the reasons why George offered to show Cocoa around New York was because she take a guide. She had lived in New York for seven years and assuage had thought like a tourist, the same way of thinking she had had when she arrived seven years earlier.

Wings :: Essays Papers

go Calvin Coolidge once said, The chief business of the the Statesn people is business. This statement is as true today as it was when Coolidge said it because the States is largely defined by the nature of the businesses that drive its economy. One of the major economy madcap businesses in America is Boeing, an aircraft production company with plants every last(predicate) over the let together States. The aircraft baffled by Boeing are used for military and commuter services. The Boeing 747 commuter gush has become the symbol of the company, and a great symbol of what America is any about. Diversity, efficiency, and creativity are terms used to describe America, but instanter they are being used by the Boeing Company to describe the Boeing 747. cipher on the surface of the Boeing 747 would lead angiotensin converting enzyme to believe diversity could be related to it in any way at all, but if angiotensin converting enzyme considers the production and the materials of the airplane itself, it is easy to realize that the Boeing 747 is, in fact, diverse. People from all over the world with parts from all over the world produce the Boeing 747 in work outies located throughout the United States. Just like America, the Boeing 747 has a tradition of resiliency because of the hard work and dedication of the people who furnish its production. Diversity allows continual change for the better to take place America and the Boeing 747 are no exception to the rule. Speed and efficiency have been the intimately important attributes of any means of transportation produced in the United States since the industrial Revolution, and considering the fact that the Boeing 747 is capable of delivering hundreds of passengers to a desired location on time, one could safely say that the Boeing 747 is quick and efficient. For the most part, people in America and on the Boeing 747 are there because they have goals and destinations that they want to reach as quickly as possible. The Boeing 747 and America provide Americans and foreigners alike with the opportunity to get where they want to go without wasting time. Any decrease in the amphetamine and efficiency Americans have come to expect from the Boeing 747 would mark the beginning of the land up of its wide spread use and existence. Perhaps the most important factor going in to creating something like the Boeing 747 is creativity itself.

The Metaphysical One in Platonic and Augustinian Thoughts Essay

The legacy of Plato leftfield its distinctive brand of influence on St. Augustines beliefs and writings, of this there is no doubt. In Confessions, Augustine himself professed that it was the Platonic books that enabled him to attach himself to his God. However, it is evident that Augustine re-augmented much of the Platonic thoughts and, combining them with the primordial Christian doctrines, configured the hybrid into what became the foundation of Catholicism. The differencesas well as similaritiesthat exist between the two thought systems can be dissected from two points the nature of the metaphysical supreme One and its relationships with the Many.At the purport of Platonism is the concept of eidos, or Forms the theory of an absolute and unchangeable caprice that is manifest in all things that are made so by its essence. One of the best definitions of the concept is offered in Meno in regards to the Form of celibacy what is this very thing, in which the item-by-item virtues are all the same and do not differ from each other? Even if they are many an(prenominal) and various, all of them have one and the same Form which makes them virtues. (Meno, 72c, p61.) Plato searched for not individual aspects of a concept but the exact, complete definition of it. It is clear that he did not concern himself with the physical realities of the world but rather The Reality, the irreverent which supercedes the Material. The questions then rises about Platos attitudes towards the pagan gods and his belief about the totality of the universe. adjudicate from the absence of Greek deities from the Dialogues, one is compelled to believe that Plato thought of the conventional gods as unnecessary and sought after the very Being of the universe, which is the eterna... ...ate Good the spirit can achieve nothing. In addition, Augustine evidently was most anxious to fill out Manicheism, hence altogether rejecting that God is within human beings (a notion echoed by the Manich eans) would have been essential.In his Confessions, Augustine successfully remolded Platonism to match his Christian ideals and interpretations. gibe to Platonism, the abstract eidos is the metaphysical perfect existence and the primal Universal normal can be perceived as the Form of Being. Augustine took after Plato in his belief of an eternal, immaterial and unifying One, but his God departs from its Platonic facsimile in that He is active, personal, and ultimately the only hope of human salvation. Still, through and through Augustine and the Catholic Church, the pantheistic Platonism and its metaphysical One has survived throughout the snapper Ages into the present.

Essay on Discourse in A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man

Authoritative talk about in A delineation of an Artist as a early days Man In James Joyces A Portrait of An Artist As A Young Man, the main character, Stephen Dedalus, struggles between his earthy instincts, or what Bakhtin calls the internally telling communication that is not backed up by an authority at all, and his learned response, reinforced by the authoritative discourse of religion. To Stephens internally persuasive discourse, his natural sex drive is not wrong. It is lonesome(prenominal) after he accedes to the authoritative discourse of religion that he learns that much(prenominal) a natural human drive is bad. Thus, he learns that it is wrong to succumb to sex he does not think that it is bad on his own. In this case, the authoritative discourse that considers sexual drive to be bad becomes Stephens internally persuasive discourse. He learns that his natural urges are wrong and, as a result, he learns to deny them and pretend them to be nonexistent. This is how the authoritative discourse becomes Stephens internally persuasive discourse. The evidence that Stephen relies on his senses is best shown by the rendering of how much he has to deny his senses in order to reach the discourse of religion. Each of his senses was brought under a religious discipline. In order to sphacelate the sense of sight he made it his rule to walk in the street with downcast eyes, glancing neither to right nor left and never rotter him. His eyes shunned every encounter with the eyes of women (162-3). However, there is a natural impulse from which he cannot escape and that is his sense of touch. He may provide to deny it in all possible ways but he cannot wholly escape it. This sense of touch is what causes ... ...567-75. Epstein, Edmund L. The Ordeal of Stephen Dedalus. Carbondale and Edwardsville Southern Illinois U P, 1971. Givens, Seon, ed. James Joyce Two Decades of Criticism. New York 1948. 2nd ed. 1963. Goldman, Arnold. The Joyce Paradox Form an d immunity in his Fiction. Evanston, IL Northwestern U P, 1966. Halper, Nathan. The Early James Joyce. capital of South Carolina Essays on Modern Writers. Ed. George Stade. New York Columbia U P, 1973. Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The Portable James Joyce. Ed. plague Levin. New York Penguin, 1976. Levin, Harry. The Artist. James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Text, Criticism, and Notes. Ed. Chester G. Anderson. New York Penguin, 1968. 399-415. Wright, David G. Characters of Joyce. Dublin Gill and Macmillan, 1983.

Idealism, Realism, and Marxism in Todays World of Politics Essays

Idealism, Realism, and Marxism in Todays World of PoliticsRealism is a method acting to study and practice international politics. It is the oldest form of international dealing in political history. It takes an approach where it emphasizes all world politics deals with the pursuit of office, and states trash for the control of this power. It makes the assumption that all states ar only motivated by national interests, which mostly is applied and presented as moral concerns. Realists believe that power can be achieved through strength. They believe that states should go later on interests which are only possible to achieve. They also imply that states should not go after the interests of its opponent as that will merely cause a war.doubting Thomas Hobbes, who lived between, 1588 and 1679, was known as ?Forefather of Realism?, in his famous book, Leviathan, he says if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless both(prenominal) cannot enjoy, they become enemies and?en deavor to destroy or subdue one other. This is the canonical idea around which Realism is based, that is, conflict is inevitable.Hans Morgenthau was also one of the immense thinkers of realism, he lived between 1904 and 1980, he was convinced that politics is essentially a struggle for power, and in his most famous book, Politics Among Nations, he explains this opinion by saying, ... the struggle for power is universal in time and blank and is an undeniable fact of experience ... Even though anthropologists have shown that sure primitive people seem to be free from desire for power, zilch has yet shown how their state of mind and the conditions under which they live can be recreated on a worldwide scale so as to fall the struggle for power from the internatio... ...s political theories and analysis of international relations, it is remedy a phenomenon which is very unpredictable and situational. But in spite of this, these theories are still relevant and important because t hey help to establish a proper example for analyzing international relations. I also feel that a combination of these theories would be more successful in understanding and implementing in international relations rather than focusing and practicing one of the theories.BibliographyInternational Politics on a World Stage ? John T. Rourke HYPERLINK http//www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/polreal.html http//www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/polreal.html HYPERLINK http//www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pol116/realism.html http//www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pol116/realism.html4) http//www.unet.univie.ac.at/a8700288/research/ODYSSEY.html

What is Social Psychology? Essay -- Social Influences, Behaviors, Feel

probe Title Social psychologySocial psychological science is a broad(a) concept which has underlying elements of studying on how we behave, foresee and feel. Myers (2011) agrees that social psychologist investigates these connections by studying on how we persuade others and how we relate to other humans. Miller (2004) say that majority of social psychologist would acknowledge that the perspective of social psychology is champion that emphasises the social changes in the environment from the influence of individual. Kassin, Fein and Markus (2013) argues that humans be real fascinated about social interaction and personal relationships, which the social setting clear have an immense influence on our lives. Furthermore, social psychology applies to all aspects of our lives, which I consider to be fascinating category of psychology because we have to communicate to each other, express our feeling towards another and ingest intimately with the opposite sex. In world of soci al human beings, we are interacting with everybody in social situations, for examples we are corresponding with our friends via social networking websites such as facebook, twitter and email accounts we are talking to our close family members on the erratic phone we are networking with professionals, recruitment consultants and employers in networking events. In addition our beliefs can cause significant changes in our social situations. For instance our religious beliefs or political beliefs can inspire and have huge impact all over many people parents with strong religious beliefs can instil the comparable traditions and ethical principles to their children, however there is a possibility that their children can convey up with similar ways of thoughts as their parents. ... ...ogical Factors in Competitive Sport. Oxford psychological science Press Eiser, J., R. ( 1986) Social Psychology Attitudes, Cognition and Social Behaviour. Cambridge Cambridge University PressMaio, G.,R. , Haddock, G. (2009) The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change. capital of the United Kingdom SAGE Publications LTDMartin, G., N.( 2008) Psychology A beginners Guide. Oxford Oneworld PublicationsKalat, J., W.( 2010) Introduction to Psychology. London Cengage LearningTuffin, K.( 2004) Understanding Critical Social Psychology. London Sage Publications LtdFlick, U.(ed.) ( 1998) The Psychology of the Social. Cambridge Cambridge University PressLovaglia, M.( 2006) Knowing People The Personal utilization of Social Psychology. 2nd edition. Maryland Rowman & Littlefield PublishersBurr, V.(2002) The Person in Social Psychology. eastbound Sussex Psychology Press